80 results
Confirming resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides applied preemergence and postemergence in a Georgia Palmer amaranth population
- Taylor Randell-Singleton, Lavesta C. Hand, Jenna C. Vance, Hannah E. Wright-Smith, A. Stanley Culpepper
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 38 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2024, e23
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Herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) are used in more than 40 agronomic and specialty crops across Georgia to manage weeds through residual and postemergence (POST) control. In 2017, a population of Palmer amaranth exhibiting reduced sensitivity to POST applications of PPO-inhibiting herbicides was identified by the University of Georgia. Seed were collected from the site along with a known sensitive population; distance between the samples was 200 m, increasing the likelihood of similar environmental and genetic characteristics. To quantify sensitivity for both preemergence (PRE) and POST uses, 21 greenhouse dose-response assessments were conducted from 2017 to 2022. After conducting initial rate-response studies, 13 doses per herbicide were chosen for the POST experiment; field use rates of fomesafen (420 g ai ha−1), lactofen (219 g ai ha−1), acifluorfen (420 g ai ha−1), and trifludimoxazin (25 g ai ha−1) ranging from 0× to 4× the field use rate for the susceptible population, and 0× to 40× for the suspect population were applied. Herbicide treatments included adjuvants and were applied to plants 8 to 10 cm in height. Relative resistance factors (RRFs) were calculated for control ratings, mortality, and biomass, and ranged from 105 to 318, 36 to 1,477, 215 to 316, and 9 to 49 for fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen, and trifludimoxazin, respectively. In the PRE experiment, herbicide applications included five to nine doses of fomesafen (1× = 210 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (1× = 57 g ai ha−1), oxyfluorfen (1× = 561 g ai ha−1), and trifludimoxazin (1× = 38 g ai ha−1); doses ranged from 0× to 6× for the suspect population and 0× to 2× for the susceptible population. Visual control, mortality, and biomass RRFs ranged from 3 to 5 for fomesafen, 21 to 31 for flumioxazin, 6 to 22 for oxyfluorfen, and 8 to 38 for trifludimoxazin. Results confirm that a Georgia Palmer amaranth population is resistant to PPO-inhibiting herbicides applied both PRE and POST.
4 Initial Application of Constraint-Induced Cognitive Therapy to Long COVID Brain Fog
- Gitendra Uswatte, Edward Taub, Karlene Ball, Kristine Lokken, Shruti P Agnihotri, Victor W Mark, Amy Knight, Brandon Mitchell, Jason Blake, Staci McKay, Terika Miller, Elizabeth Pollard, Piper Hempfling, Morgan Smith, Rebekah Chatfield, Erin Stanley, Cliff Lynam, Kyli Blagburn, Brooke Carroll, Gary Cutter
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 598-599
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Objective:
Persistent brain fog is common in adults with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), in whom it causes distress and in many cases interferes with performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and return-to-work. There are no interventions with rigorous evidence of efficacy for this new, often disabling condition. The purpose of this pilot is to evaluate the efficacy, on a preliminary basis, of a new intervention for this condition termed Constraint-Induced Cognitive therapy (CICT). CICT combines features of two established therapeutic approaches: cognitive speed of processing training (SOPT) developed by the laboratory of K. Ball and the Transfer Package and task-oriented training components of Constraint-Induced Movement therapy developed by the laboratory of E. Taub and G. Uswatte.
Participants and Methods:Participants were > 3 months after recovery from acute COVID symptoms and had substantial brain fog and impairment in IADL. Participants were randomized to CICT immediately or after a 3-month delay. CICT involved 36 hours of outpatient therapy distributed over 4-6 weeks. Sessions had three components: (a) videogamelike training designed to improve how quickly participants process sensory input (SOPT), (b) training on IADLs following shaping principles, and (c) a set of behavioral techniques designed to transfer gains from the treatment setting to daily life, i.e., the Transfer Package. The Transfer Package included (a) negotiating a behavioral contract with participants and one or more family members about the responsibilities of the participants, family members, and treatment team; (b) assigning homework during and after the treatment period; (c) monitoring participants’ out-of-session behavior; (d) supporting problem-solving by participants and family members about barriers to performance of IADL; and (e) making follow-up phone calls. IADL performance, brain fog severity, and cognitive impairment were assessed using validated, trans-diagnostic measures before and after treatment and three months afterwards in the immediate-CICT group and on parallel occasions in the delayed-CICT group (aka waitlist controls).
Results:To date, five were enrolled in the immediate-CICT group; four were enrolled in the wait-list group. All had mild cognitive impairment, except for one with moderate impairment in the immediate-CICT group. Immediate-CICT participants, on average, had large reductions in brain fog severity on the Mental Clutter Scale (MCS, range = 0 to 10 points, mean change = -3.7, SD = 2.0); wait-list participants had small increases (mean change = 1.0, SD = 1.4). Notably, all five in the immediate-CICT group had clinically meaningful improvements (i.e., changes > 2 points) in performance of IADL outside the treatment setting as measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) Performance scale; only one did in the wait-list group. The advantage for the immediate-CICT group was very large on both the MCS and COPM (d’s = 1.7, p’s < .05). In follow-up, immediate-CICT group gains were retained or built-upon.
Conclusions:These preliminary findings warrant confirmation by a large-scale randomized controlled trial. To date, CICT shows high promise as an efficacious therapy for brain fog due to PASC. CICT participants had large, meaningful improvements in IADL performance outside the treatment setting, in addition to large reductions in brain fog severity.
Transplant broccoli and collard response to the residual activity of glyphosate applied preplant
- Hannah E. Wright-Smith, A. Stanley Culpepper, Taylor M. Randell-Singleton, Jenna C. Vance
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / February 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 February 2023, pp. 71-75
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Cole crops including broccoli and collard contribute more than $119 million to Georgia’s farm gate value yearly. To ensure maximum profitability, these crops must be planted into weed-free fields. Glyphosate is a tool often used to help achieve this goal because of its broad-spectrum activity on weeds coupled with the knowledge that it poses no threat to the succeeding crop when used as directed. However, recent research suggests that with certain soil textures and production systems, the residual soil activity of glyphosate may damage some crops. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in fall 2019 and 2020 to evaluate transplanted broccoli and collard response to glyphosate applied preplant onto bare soil and what practical mitigation measures could be implemented to reduce crop injury. Herbicide treatments consisted oGf 0, 2.5, or 5 kg ae ha−1 glyphosate applied preplant followed by 1) no mitigation measure, 2) tillage, 3) irrigation, or 4) tillage and irrigation prior to transplanting broccoli and collard by hand. When no mitigation was implemented, the residual activity of glyphosate at 2.5 and 5.0 kg ae ha−1 resulted in 43% to 71% and 79% to 93% injury to broccoli and collard transplants, respectively. This resulted in a 35% to 50% reduction in broccoli marketable head weights and 63% to 71% reduction in collard leaf weights. Irrigation reduced visible damage by 28% to 48%, whereas tillage reduced injury by 43% to 76%, for both crops. Irrigation alleviated yield losses for broccoli but only tillage eliminated yield loss for both crops. Care must be taken when transplanting broccoli and collard into a field recently treated with glyphosate at rates ≥2.5 kg ae ha−1. Its residual activity can damage transplants with injury levels influenced by glyphosate rate, and tillage or irrigation after application and prior to planting.
Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts
- Alex S. F. Kwong, Rebecca M. Pearson, Mark J. Adams, Kate Northstone, Kate Tilling, Daniel Smith, Chloe Fawns-Ritchie, Helen Bould, Naomi Warne, Stanley Zammit, David J. Gunnell, Paul A. Moran, Nadia Micali, Abraham Reichenberg, Matthew Hickman, Dheeraj Rai, Simon Haworth, Archie Campbell, Drew Altschul, Robin Flaig, Andrew M. McIntosh, Deborah A. Lawlor, David Porteous, Nicholas J. Timpson
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 218 / Issue 6 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 November 2020, pp. 334-343
- Print publication:
- June 2021
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Background
The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences.
AimsTo quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic.
MethodData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.
ResultsDepression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23–26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12–14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression.
ConclusionsThese results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.
Outcome measures of risk and recovery in Broadmoor High Secure Forensic Hospital: stratification of care pathways and moves to medium secure hospitals
- Samantha McCullough, Carolyn Stanley, Helen Smith, Molly Scott, Minesh Karia, Benignus Ndubuisi, Callum C. Ross, Rob Bates, Mary Davoren
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / July 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 July 2020, e74
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Background
Placements within high secure forensic hospitals consist of wards providing various different levels of relational security. They should form a coherent pathway through secure care, based on individual patient risks and needs. Moves to less secure wards within high secure forensic hospitals and moves on to lower secure hospital settings have rarely been systematically studied.
AimsThe aim of this study was to ascertain if placements within Broadmoor High Secure Hospital and moves from Broadmoor to medium secure hospitals corresponded to measures of violence risk, programme completion and recovery.
MethodA 13-month prospective cohort study was completed. Patients (n = 142) were rated at baseline for violence risk (Historical, Clinical and Risk – 20), therapeutic programme completion and recovery (DUNDRUM tool) and overall functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning). Placements on the care pathway and moves on to medium secure hospitals were observed.
ResultsPlacements on the care pathway within the high secure hospital were associated with dynamic violence risk (F = 16.324, P<0.001), therapeutic programme completion (F = 4.167, P = 0.003), recovery (F = 2.440, P = 0.050) with better scores on these measures being found in the rehabilitation wards and the poorest scores on the highest levels of dependency. Moves to medium secure hospitals were associated with better scores on dynamic risk of violence (F = 33.199, P<0.001), therapeutic programme completion (F = 9.237 P<0.001), recovery (F = 6.863, P = 0.001).
ConclusionsPlacements within Broadmoor Hospital formed a coherent pathway through high secure care. Moves to less secure places were influenced by more than reduction in violence risk. Therapeutic programme completion and recovery in a broad sense were also important.
Examining pathways between genetic liability for schizophrenia and patterns of tobacco and cannabis use in adolescence
- Hannah J. Jones, Gemma Hammerton, Tayla McCloud, Lindsey A. Hines, Caroline Wright, Suzanne H. Gage, Peter Holmans, Peter B Jones, George Davey Smith, David E. J. Linden, Michael C. O'Donovan, Michael J. Owen, James T. Walters, Marcus R. Munafò, Jon Heron, Stanley Zammit
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 1 / January 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 June 2020, pp. 132-139
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Background
It is not clear to what extent associations between schizophrenia, cannabis use and cigarette use are due to a shared genetic etiology. We, therefore, examined whether schizophrenia genetic risk associates with longitudinal patterns of cigarette and cannabis use in adolescence and mediating pathways for any association to inform potential reduction strategies.
MethodsAssociations between schizophrenia polygenic scores and longitudinal latent classes of cigarette and cannabis use from ages 14 to 19 years were investigated in up to 3925 individuals in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mediation models were estimated to assess the potential mediating effects of a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenotypes.
ResultsThe schizophrenia polygenic score, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms meeting a training-set p threshold of 0.05, was associated with late-onset cannabis use (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08,1.41), but not with cigarette or early-onset cannabis use classes. This association was not mediated through lower IQ, victimization, emotional difficulties, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, or poorer social relationships during childhood. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for genetic liability to cannabis or cigarette use, using polygenic scores excluding the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster, or basing scores on a 0.5 training-set p threshold, provided results consistent with our main analyses.
ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with patterns of cannabis use during adolescence. Investigation of pathways other than the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenotypes examined here is required to identify modifiable targets to reduce the public health burden of cannabis use in the population.
OnTrackNY’s learning healthcare system
- Jennifer L. Humensky, Iruma Bello, Igor Malinovsky, Ilana Nossel, Sapana Patel, Genevra Jones, Leopoldo J. Cabassa, Marleen Radigan, Tarek Sobeih, Caroline Tobey, Cale Basaraba, Jennifer Scodes, Thomas Smith, Melanie Wall, Christa Labouliere, Barbara Stanley, Lisa B. Dixon
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue 4 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 April 2020, pp. 301-306
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Worldwide, early intervention services for young people with recent-onset psychosis have been associated with improvements in outcomes, including reductions in hospitalization, symptoms, and improvements in treatment engagement and work/school participation. States have received federal mental health block grant funding to implement team-based, multi-element, evidence-based early intervention services, now called coordinated specialty care (CSC) in the USA. New York State’s CSC program, OnTrackNY, has grown into a 23-site, statewide network, serving over 1800 individuals since its 2013 inception. A state-supported intermediary organization, OnTrackCentral, has overseen the growth of OnTrackNY. OnTrackNY has been committed to quality improvement since its inception. In 2019, OnTrackNY was awarded a regional hub within the National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET). The participation in the national EPINET initiative reframes and expands OnTrackNY’s quality improvement activities. The national EPINET initiative aims to develop a learning healthcare system (LHS); OnTrackNY’s participation will facilitate the development of infrastructure, including a systematic approach to facilitating stakeholder input and enhancing the data and informatics infrastructure to promote quality improvement. Additionally, this infrastructure will support practice-based research to improve care. The investment of the EPINET network to build regional and national LHSs will accelerate innovations to improve quality of care.
Genetic liability to schizophrenia is associated with exposure to traumatic events in childhood
- Hannah M. Sallis, Jazz Croft, Alexandra Havdahl, Hannah J. Jones, Erin C. Dunn, George Davey Smith, Stanley Zammit, Marcus R. Munafò
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 51 / Issue 11 / August 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 April 2020, pp. 1814-1821
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Background
There is a wealth of literature on the observed association between childhood trauma and psychotic illness. However, the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis is complex and could be explained, in part, by gene–environment correlation.
MethodsThe association between schizophrenia polygenic scores (PGS) and experiencing childhood trauma was investigated using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Schizophrenia PGS were derived in each cohort for children, mothers, and fathers where genetic data were available. Measures of trauma exposure were derived based on data collected throughout childhood and adolescence (0–17 years; ALSPAC) and at age 8 years (MoBa).
ResultsWithin ALSPAC, we found a positive association between schizophrenia PGS and exposure to trauma across childhood and adolescence; effect sizes were consistent for both child or maternal PGS. We found evidence of an association between the schizophrenia PGS and the majority of trauma subtypes investigated, with the exception of bullying. These results were comparable with those of MoBa. Within ALSPAC, genetic liability to a range of additional psychiatric traits was also associated with a greater trauma exposure.
ConclusionsResults from two international birth cohorts indicate that genetic liability for a range of psychiatric traits is associated with experiencing childhood trauma. Genome-wide association study of psychiatric phenotypes may also reflect risk factors for these phenotypes. Our findings also suggest that youth at higher genetic risk might require greater resources/support to ensure they grow-up in a healthy environment.
Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study
- Robyn E. Wootton, Rebecca C. Richmond, Bobby G. Stuijfzand, Rebecca B. Lawn, Hannah M. Sallis, Gemma M. J. Taylor, Gibran Hemani, Hannah J. Jones, Stanley Zammit, George Davey Smith, Marcus R. Munafò
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 14 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 November 2019, pp. 2435-2443
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Background
Smoking prevalence is higher amongst individuals with schizophrenia and depression compared with the general population. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can examine whether this association is causal using genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
MethodsWe conducted two-sample MR to explore the bi-directional effects of smoking on schizophrenia and depression. For smoking behaviour, we used (1) smoking initiation GWAS from the GSCAN consortium and (2) we conducted our own GWAS of lifetime smoking behaviour (which captures smoking duration, heaviness and cessation) in a sample of 462690 individuals from the UK Biobank. We validated this instrument using positive control outcomes (e.g. lung cancer). For schizophrenia and depression we used GWAS from the PGC consortium.
ResultsThere was strong evidence to suggest smoking is a risk factor for both schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67–3.08, p < 0.001) and depression (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.71–2.32, p < 0.001). Results were consistent across both lifetime smoking and smoking initiation. We found some evidence that genetic liability to depression increases smoking (β = 0.091, 95% CI 0.027–0.155, p = 0.005) but evidence was mixed for schizophrenia (β = 0.022, 95% CI 0.005–0.038, p = 0.009) with very weak evidence for an effect on smoking initiation.
ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the association between smoking, schizophrenia and depression is due, at least in part, to a causal effect of smoking, providing further evidence for the detrimental consequences of smoking on mental health.
Associations between schizophrenia genetic risk, anxiety disorders and manic/hypomanic episode in a longitudinal population cohort study
- Alexander Richards, John Horwood, Joseph Boden, Martin Kennedy, Ruth Sellers, Lucy Riglin, Sumit Mistry, Hannah Jones, Daniel J. Smith, Stanley Zammit, Michael Owen, Michael C. O'Donovan, Gordon T. Harold
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 214 / Issue 2 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 November 2018, pp. 96-102
- Print publication:
- February 2019
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Background
Studies involving clinically recruited samples show that genetic liability to schizophrenia overlaps with that for several psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, major depression and, in a population study, anxiety disorder and negative symptoms in adolescence.
AimsWe examined whether, at a population level, association between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders continues into adulthood, for specific anxiety disorders and as a group. We explored in an epidemiologically based cohort the nature of adult psychopathology sharing liability to schizophrenia.
MethodSchizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for 590 European-descent individuals from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between schizophrenia PRS and four anxiety disorders (social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder), schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, manic/hypomanic episode, alcohol dependence, major depression, and – using linear regression – total number of anxiety disorders. A novel population-level association with hypomania was tested in a UK birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children).
ResultsSchizophrenia PRS was associated with total number of anxiety disorders and with generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We show a novel population-level association between schizophrenia PRS and manic/hypomanic episode.
ConclusionsThe relationship between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders is not restricted to psychopathology in adolescence but is present in adulthood and specifically linked to generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We suggest that the association between schizophrenia liability and hypomanic/manic episodes found in clinical samples may not be due to bias.
Declarations of interestNone.
Childhood IQ and risk of bipolar disorder in adulthood: prospective birth cohort study
- Daniel J. Smith, Jana Anderson, Stanley Zammit, Thomas D. Meyer, Jill P. Pell, Daniel Mackay
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 1 / Issue 1 / June 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 74-80
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Background
Intellectual ability may be an endophenotypic marker for bipolar disorder.
AimsWithin a large birth cohort, we aimed to assess whether childhood IQ (including both verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) subscales) was predictive of lifetime features of bipolar disorder assessed in young adulthood.
MethodWe used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a large UK birth cohort, to test for an association between measures of childhood IQ at age 8 years and lifetime manic features assessed at age 22–23 years using the Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32; n=1881 individuals). An ordinary least squares linear regression model was used, with normal childhood IQ (range 90–109) as the referent group. We adjusted analyses for confounding factors, including gender, ethnicity, handedness, maternal social class at recruitment, maternal age, maternal history of depression and maternal education.
ResultsThere was a positive association between IQ at age 8 years and lifetime manic features at age 22–23 years (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.159 (95% CI 0.120–0.198), P>0.001). Individuals in the lowest decile of manic features had a mean full-scale IQ (FSIQ) which was almost 10 points lower than those in the highest decile of manic features: mean FSIQ 100.71 (95% CI 98.74–102.6) v. 110.14 (95% CI 107.79–112.50), P>0.001. The association between IQ and manic features was present for FSIQ, VIQ and for PIQ but was strongest for VIQ.
ConclusionsA higher childhood IQ score, and high VIQ in particular, may represent a marker of risk for the later development of bipolar disorder. This finding has implications for understanding of how liability to bipolar disorder may have been selected through generations. It will also inform future genetic studies at the interface of intelligence, creativity and bipolar disorder and is relevant to the developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. It may also improve approaches to earlier detection and treatment of bipolar disorder in adolescents and young adults.
Non-Linear Density Dependent Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of β-NaYF4: Yb3+: Er3+ Nanoparticles on Random Ag Nanowire Aggregates
- Amy Hor, Quoc Anh N. Luu, P. Stanley May, Mary Berry, Steve Smith
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- Journal:
- MRS Advances / Volume 1 / Issue 38 / 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2016, pp. 2677-2682
- Print publication:
- 2016
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Spectroscopic imaging and statistical analysis of NIR-to-visible upconversion luminescence (UCL) from β-NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) supported on a series of random Ag nanowire aggregates reveals a density dependent UCL enhancement. Statistical analysis of the spectrally resolved upconversion images shows a non-linear dependence of upconversion luminescence enhancement with Ag nanowire surface coverage. A maximum average enhancement of 5.8× was observed for 58% surface coverage. Based on the empirically determined trend with density, it is estimated that up to 20× upconversion luminescence enhancement can be achieved at 100% surface coverage, even at high excitation intensity. This projection is commensurate with the 20× enhancement ratio observed for select locations within the imaged micro-ensemble. Time-resolved emission of the UC luminescence from UCNPs on the Ag nanowire aggregates confirms the surface plasmon effects on the UCNPs kinetics. Such Ag nanowire aggregates show potential as a scalable and relatively simple metal-enhanced upconversion substrate.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. 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Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
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- 05 October 2014
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- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Collaborative research: a case example of dissemination of CBT in primary care
- Fiona Mathieson, Sunny Collings, Anthony Dowell, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, James Stanley, Simon Hatcher
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- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist / Volume 6 / 2013
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- 21 June 2013, e4
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While we now have a strong evidence base for cognitive behaviour therapy in managing mental health problems, the challenge is to disseminate it into real-world settings. Two dissemination approaches exist: the dominant ‘research to practice’ model, a linear sequence, taking interventions from the research laboratory and overcoming barriers so as to apply them in the real world and a more collaborative approach, in which researchers work together with clinicians and patients to adapt existing treatments for real-world settings. This article provides a detailed example of a collaborative approach to adapting cognitive behaviour therapy, by developing a very brief mental health intervention for patients in a primary-care (family doctor) setting.
Reproductive Isolation and the Integrity of Two Sympatric Species of Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)1
- Stanley G. Smith
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 85 / Issue 4 / April 1953
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- 31 May 2012, pp. 141-151
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According to Dobzhansky (1951a, p. 262) “Species are … groups of populations the gene exchange between which is limited or prevented by one, or by a combination of several, reproductive isolating mechanisms”. This definition follows from his concept of a species not as a static unit but as a stage in the process of evolutionary divergence. Limitation or prevention of gene exchange is a property of geographic and reproductive isolation (Mayr, 1912), the various types of which Dobzhansky lists as follows:
I. Geographic or Spatial Isolation
II. Reproductive Isolation
A. Ecological Isolation
B. Seasonal or Temporal Isolation
C. Sexual, Psychological or Ethnological Isolation
D. Mechanical Isolation
E. Gametic Isolation
F. Hybrid Inviability
G. Hybrid Sterility
H. Hybrid Breakdown
THELYTOKOUS PARTHENOGENESIS IN CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT.: A CRITICISM
- Stanley G. Smith
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 70 / Issue 12 / December 1938
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- 31 May 2012, pp. 259-260
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I have read with great interest C. W. Farstad's paper (1938) on “Thelyotokous parthenogenesis in Cephus cinctus Nort.,” since it parallels so closely my own problem in Diprion polytomum Hartig. But, whilst agreeing with his final conclusion that there are doubtless two forms of C. cinctus manifesting alternative modes of parthenogenetic reproduction in different regions of the Province of Alberta, I must nevertheless draw attention to certain statements made by this worker which appear, in the light of modern cyto-genetic knowledge, to be highly improbable.
Cytogenetic Pathways in Beetle Speciation1
- Stanley G. Smith
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 94 / Issue 9 / September 1962
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- 31 May 2012, pp. 941-955
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Investigations carried out over the past 50 years have made it abundantly clear that the chromosome, besides being a medium of evolutionary change, has an evolution of its own. In the animal kingdom, this has been elegantly proved by the extensive research on Drosophila (for a general review see Patterson and Stone, 1952), made possible largely by its possession of giant salivary gland chromosomes; by cytological analysis of hybrid rodents in the genus Gerbillus (Wahrman and Zahavi, 1958) and newts of the genus Triturus (White, 1946; Spurway and Callan, 1950; Callan and Spurway, 1951); by investigations carried out on various Orthoptera, facilitated by the clarity of meiosis in interracial (White, 1957a), interspecific (Klingstedt, 1939), and “intergeneric” (Helwig, 1955) hybrids; and by studies on the mantid genus Ameles (Wahrman and O'Brien, 1956), through the credibility derived from cytophotometric measurement of desoxyribose nucleic acid content. Much of the evidence adduced elsewhere, for example, Manna and Smith's (1959) survey of the bark weevil genus Pissodes, was based on comparative chromosome morphology, but, as will become evident later, our reasoning in this particular instance has so far proved correct.
Natural Hybridization following Breakdown of Geographic Isolation
- Stanley G. Smith
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 96 / Issue 1-2 / February 1964
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- 31 May 2012, p. 165
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Introgressive hybridization, the feeding back of alien genes from an invading species into a resident population, has not been widely studied in animals. Conclusions favouring its occurrence are mostly founded on comparative studies of external morphology: since parallel selection of similar gene allels would provide the same end result, such conclusions are open to question. White's arguments against introgression as the cause of overlapping phenotypes in Austroicetes grasshoppers, on the other hand, carry conviction because they are based on comparative internal morphology – on cytological study: the two supposedly interbreeding species were found to differ in several chromosomal diagnostics, to the complete absence of intermediates.
TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF INSECT CHROMOSOMES*
- Stanley G. Smith
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 75 / Issue 2 / February 1943
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- 31 May 2012, pp. 21-34
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The present paper is concerned solely with methods of studying the chromosomes, their number, morphology, and behaviour, in insects. Much has already been written on general cytological techniques used in the study of animals and plants (1, 2, 3 and 4) but no special treatment regarding insects has as yet appeared. The techniques outlined in many standard text books are largely obsolete, and reprints of current improvements are frequently not available in the specialised entomological library. Therefore a review of the procedures commonly followed may not be out of place as a guide to the non-specialist.